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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 33, No. 2, 2018
2018-06-17

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 33, Issue 2

Pages 93-220 (June 2018)

Cover image International Journal of Sediment Research

Variability of the useful life of reservoirs in tropical locations: A case study from the Burdekin Falls Dam Australia

Pages 93-106

Michelle Cooper Stephen E. Lewis Thomas C. Stieglitz Scott G. Smithers

Hydraulic model tests for propagation of flow and sediment in floods due to breaking of a natural landslide dam during a mountainous torrent

Pages 107-116

Takahiro Itoh Akihiko Ikeda Takahiko Nagayama Takahisa Mizuyama

Evaluation and modeling of runoff and sediment yield for different land covers under simulated rain in a semiarid region of Brazil

Pages 117-125

Richarde Marques da Silva Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos José Yure Gomes dos Santos

Bed-load transport rate based on the entrainment probabilities of sediment grains by rolling and lifting

Pages 126-136

Jun-De Li Jian Sun Binliang Lin

LES-DEM simulations of sediment transport

Pages 137-148

Husam Elghannay Danesh Tafti

Depth to the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD) as a parameter of interest in marine benthic habitat quality models

Pages 149-156

Travis G. Gerwing Kieran Cox Alyssa M. Allen Gerwing Charmaine N. Carr-Harris Sarah E. Dudas Francis Juanes

A hybrid machine learning ensemble approach based on a Radial Basis Function neural network and Rotation Forest for landslide susceptibility modeling: A case study in the Himalayan area India

Pages 157-170

Binh Thai Pham Ataollah Shirzadi Dieu Tien Bui Indra Prakash M.B. Dholakia

Analysis of flow-sediment rating curve hysteresis based on flow and sediment travel time estimations

Pages 171-182

Chi-Cheng Yang Kwan Tun Lee

Mineralogical signatures and sources of recent sediment in a large tropical lake

International Journal of Sediment Research

Pages 183-190

Jorge Feliciano Ontiveros-Cuadras Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza Libia Hascibe Pérez-Bernal Michel Preda Federico Páez-Osuna

Toxicity studies of elemental sulfur in marine sediments

Pages 191-197

Monika Cieszynska-Semenowicz Justyna Rogowska Wojciech Ratajczyk Joanna Ratajczyk Lidia Wolska

Depth of closure: New calculation method based on sediment data

Pages 198-207

Luis Aragonés José Ignacio Pagán Isabel López José C. Serra

Non-symmetrical levee breaching processes in a channel bend due to overtopping

Pages 208-215

Songbai Wu Minghui Yu Hongyan Wei Yanjie Liang Jing Zeng

Review: The International Sediment Initiative case studies of sediment problems in river basins and their management

Pages 216-219

Cheng Liu Desmond E. Walling Yun He

 

 

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Full papers are available at ScienceDirect:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-journal-of-sediment-research .

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Michelle Cooper, Stephen E. Lewis, Thomas C. Stieglitz, Scott G. Smithers,

Variability of the useful life of reservoirs in tropical locations: A case study from the Burdekin Falls Dam, Australia,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 93-106,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.11.002.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627916301317)

Abstract: Large dam construction for irrigation, hydropower, water supply, and flood control in tropical to sub-tropical areas increased markedly after 1950. Many of the dams built during this period have filled with sediment and no longer perform to their original design specifications; in many cases, forecast dam life was greatly overestimated. This study investigates the useful life of Burdekin Falls Dam (BFD), northeastern Australia and compares the findings with other tropical reservoirs. Using two independent methods it is estimated that between 61 and 65 million m3 of sediment has been deposited in the reservoir over the 24 years of operation through 2011. This sediment volume equates to an average of 0.15% of capacity lost per year since construction was completed. If current sediment loads/climate regimes persist, reservoir capacity will be reduced by 50% after 345 years. However, the useful life of the BFD reduces to just 276 years when drawdown data are considered; these data show reservoir use would be affected once 40% of storage was filled with sediment, with a 60% drawdown return period of 1 in 15 years. When compared to similar large tropical to sub-tropical reservoirs, the BFD has a slightly longer reservoir useful life than dams in India and a much longer half-life than for both similar-sized and larger dams in China, Brazil, and Iran. Properties of the BFD that promote a longer useful life include a lower trap efficiency, relatively low annual sediment load delivered to the reservoir, limited sediment deposition behind the dam wall (and uniform distribution of deposited sediment), and the export of highly turbid annual floodwaters before settling and deposition of any remaining sediment within the reservoir.

Keywords: Reservoir half-life; Lake Dalrymple; Sediment trapping; Trap efficiency; Tropical reservoir; Useful life

Takahiro Itoh, Akihiko Ikeda, Takahiko Nagayama, Takahisa Mizuyama,

Hydraulic model tests for propagation of flow and sediment in floods due to breaking of a natural landslide dam during a mountainous torrent,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 107-116,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.10.001.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303293)

Abstract: During mountain torrents, large-magnitude floods may result from heavy rainfall and cause the breakage of landslide dams naturally formed by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and so on. The characteristics of longitudinal spreading of clear water discharge and changes in flow depth must be clarified because the changes in peak depth have not yet been examined in steep-slope torrents and because there are few data on spreading of flash floods and related sedimentation in mountainous torrents. In the present study, experimental data were collected through hydraulic model tests over a rigid bed, and the spreading of water, fine sediment, bed load, and large boulders due to flooding are discussed assuming that flash flooding/debris flows occur in the upstream reach. The effects of changes in flow width, such as expansions and contractions in the flow width, as well as changes in meandering channels, sediment transportation, and spreading flow depth resulting from bores are examined using flume data for a steep-slope torrent. The data obtained in the present study reveal that fine sediment components are transported to the downstream reach if large-magnitude floods occur and that the spreading rate and peak lags of the fine sediment and water level indicate the occurrence of a flood in the upstream reach.

Keywords: Propagation of water and sediment; Debris flow; Flash flood; Hydraulic model tests; Flow width

Richarde Marques da Silva, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, José Yure Gomes dos Santos,

Evaluation and modeling of runoff and sediment yield for different land covers under simulated rain in a semiarid region of Brazil,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 117-125,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.04.005.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917301282)

Abstract: This paper quantifies the runoff and sediment yield for four different land covers in a semiarid region of Brazil. The WESP model, a distributed, event-oriented runoff-erosion model, was applied and its physical parameters, Ns and KR, were adjusted based on observed runoff and sediment yield data using simulated rainfall with an average intensity of 53 mm h-1. The sediment yield obtained was 53.02kg ha-1 (caatinga vegetation), 231.96kg ha-1 (bare soil), 309.75kg ha-1 (beans), and 847.38kg ha-1(corn). The results showed that caatinga cover yields the lowest erosion and runoff when compared to the other treatments. The results also show that the sediment yield and runoff values simulated with Ns, KI, and KR parameters were well calibrated, within acceptable deviations. The caatinga vegetation was more effective in protecting the soil, when compared to the other types of coverage. The beans and corn covers had the highest values of runoff and sediment yield, even higher than those observed for bare soil.

Keywords: Runoff; Erosion; Semiarid region; WESP model

Jun-De Li, Jian Sun, Binliang Lin,

Bed-load transport rate based on the entrainment probabilities of sediment grains by rolling and lifting,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 126-136,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.12.005.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300203)

Abstract: A function for the bed-load sediment transport rate is derived. This function is obtained by using the entrainment probabilities of the rolling and lifted sediment grains, and by introducing two travel lengths, respectively. The predictions from the new bed-load function agree well with experimental results over the entire experimental range and show significant improvement over the commonly used formula for the bed-load transport rate. The new function shows that, in terms of contributing to the bed-load transport rate, the total entrainment probability of the sediment grains is a weighted summation of those for the lifted and rolling grains, rather than a simple addition of the two. The function is also used to predict the total entrainment probability, saltation length, and the bed layer thickness at a high bed-load transport rate. These predictions all agree well with the experimental results. It is found that, on average, the travel length for the rolling sand grains is about an order of magnitude less than that of the lifted grains.

Keywords: Sedimentation; Bed load; Entrainment probability

Husam Elghannay, Danesh Tafti,

LES-DEM simulations of sediment transport,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 137-148,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.006.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303025)

Abstract: In this work, a fully-coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and Discrete Element Method (DEM) are used to simulate a unidirectional turbulent open-channel flow over the full range of sediment transport regimes. The fluid and particles are computed on separate grids using a dual-grid formulation to maintain consistency and avoid instability issues. The results of coupling the dispersed phase to a multiphase flow solver that uses volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are compared to those obtained from coupling through drag to a single flow solver. The current work also examines the applicability and limitations of lumping particles as a representative particle to reduce the cost of simulations. Insight to the impact of different turbulent events to the entrainment of particles is also given. The simulation results of sediment transport from both coupling techniques show good agreement with empirical formulas in the bedload regime, but under-predict sediment transport in the suspended load regime. In the suspended load regime, using partial coupling, the rate of sediment transport was found to be under-predicted as compared to full-coupling. The deviation in results in the suspended load regime was found to increase with increases in the applied shear stress. Both coupling methods revealed the same effect on the friction factor where friction increases in the bedload regime and decreases in the suspended load regime reaching a maximum at the transition between regimes. This result is contrary to past studies which have shown a discrete jump in the friction factor at the transition. Lumping particles as representative particles is shown to reduce the simulation cost by more than a factor of 5 when using a scaling factor of 2. By doing a quadrant analysis on information obtained from particle and flow field results, it was found that most of the particles are entrained by more frequent sweep events.

Keywords: CFD-DEM; Representative particle model; Turbulent open channel flow; Sediment transport; Threshold of sediment movement

Travis G. Gerwing, Kieran Cox, Alyssa M. Allen Gerwing, Charmaine N. Carr-Harris, Sarah E. Dudas, Francis Juanes,

Depth to the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD) as a parameter of interest in marine benthic habitat quality models,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 149-156,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.001.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917302846)

Abstract: The usefulness of the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD) in assessments of marine benthic habitat quality was explored at two intertidal mudflats along the north Pacific coast of Canada. Two transects were established at each intertidal site, with three sediment biogeochemistry cores collected from each transect four times over the summer of 2016. Measurements of the sediment pore water dissolved oxygen (DO) content and redox (Eh) conditions were taken at the surface of the core (measured vertically), as well as at increasing depths (1cm between readings) into the sediment (measured horizontally through predrilled holes in the biogeochemistry corer). While oxic, anoxic, oxidized, and reduced sediment pore water was observed above and below the aRPD, in general, sediment above the aRPD had higher DO content, and higher Eh values than sediment below the aRPD. Therefore, the aRPD depth can be used as a relative indicator of sediment pore water DO and Eh conditions: sediment with a deeper aRPD depth has more available DO, and the pore water has higher Eh values (more oxidized or less reduced) than sediment with a shallower aRPD depth. As such, the aRPD depth is a useful parameter to include in models that assess the quality of marine benthic habitats.

Keywords: Anoxia; Apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD); Dissolved oxygen; Habitat quality; Hypoxia; Intertidal; Marine benthos; Sediment pore water

Binh Thai Pham, Ataollah Shirzadi, Dieu Tien Bui, Indra Prakash, M.B. Dholakia,

A hybrid machine learning ensemble approach based on a Radial Basis Function neural network and Rotation Forest for landslide susceptibility modeling: A case study in the Himalayan area, India,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 157-170,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.008.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627916301329)

Abstract: In this paper, a hybrid machine learning ensemble approach namely the Rotation Forest based Radial Basis Function (RFRBF) neural network is proposed for spatial prediction of landslides in part of the Himalayan area (India). The proposed approach is an integration of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network classifier and Rotation Forest ensemble, which are state-of-the art machine learning algorithms for classification problems. For this purpose, a spatial database of the study area was established that consists of 930 landslide locations and fifteen influencing parameters (slope angle, road density, curvature, land use, distance to road, plan curvature, lineament density, distance to lineaments, rainfall, distance to river, profile curvature, elevation, slope aspect, river density, and soil type). Using the database, training and validation datasets were generated for constructing and validating the model. Performance of the model was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), statistical analysis methods, and the Chi square test. In addition, Logistic Regression (LR), Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP Neural Nets), Naïve Bayes (NB), and the hybrid model of Rotation Forest and Decision Trees (RFDT) were selected for comparison. The results show that the proposed RFRBF model has the highest prediction capability in comparison to the other models (LR, MLP Neural Nets, NB, and RFDT); therefore, the proposed RFRBF model is promising and should be used as an alternative technique for landslide susceptibility modeling.

Keywords: Landslide; GIS; Rotation Forest; Radial Base Function Neural Network; India

Chi-Cheng Yang, Kwan Tun Lee,

Analysis of flow-sediment rating curve hysteresis based on flow and sediment travel time estimations,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 171-182,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.10.003.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627916301561)

Abstract: A flow-sediment rating curve is used to describe the relation between flow discharge and suspended-sediment concentration for a specific location. Five types of flow-sediment rating curves - single-valued line, clockwise loop, counterclockwise loop, single-valued line plus loop, and figure eight - were found to rely on the flow and available sediment arriving at the measuring site. In this study, equations for flow and sediment travel time were derived according to soil, rainfall, and watershed geomorphologic characteristics. The hysteresis of the rating curve was related to the travel times by a series of numerical tests. Field data collected from the Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed, Mississippi, United States were used to verify the proposed rating curve hysteresis analysis. The results indicate that when the flow travel time is more extended than the sediment travel time, the rating curve shows a clockwise loop. A counterclockwise loop in the rating curve shows that the flow travel time is less extended than the sediment travel time. If the flow travel time exceeds the sediment travel time in specific runoff states and is less than the sediment travel time in other runoff states, then a single line plus a loop rating curve or a figure-eight rating curve is observed. The criterion for the model parameters to obtain equalization of the flow and sediment travel times was derived, which can identify the type of flow-sediment rating curve in a specific watershed.

Keywords: Flow-sediment rating curve; Flow travel time; Sediment travel time; Instantaneous unit sedimentgraph; Kinematic wave, Geomorphologic IUH

Jorge Feliciano Ontiveros-Cuadras, Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández, Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza, Libia Hascibe Pérez-Bernal, Michel Preda, Federico Páez-Osuna,

Mineralogical signatures and sources of recent sediment in a large tropical lake,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 183-190,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.12.002.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917304079)

Abstract: Two lead-210 (210Pb) dated sediment cores from Chapala Lake were studied to identify the mineral composition of the sediments and to discuss its relation with trace metals. Minerals and trace metals reflected the domain of volcanic rocks (i.e. basalts, rhyolite and andesite) that characterize Chapala Lake and the Lerma River watershed. Redundancy analyses (RDA) were used to identify the sedimentary variables (magnetic susceptibility, organic matter, sand content, and mineral composition) that could be related to elemental composition. Despite the distance between the two cores (7.3km) and hydrodynamic circulation the RDA showed that the main mechanism that controls the input of mineral species, and, therefore, element distributions in the lacustrine sediment of Chapala Lake, is related to the weathering of volcanic rocks in the Lerma-Chapala watershed, the consequent runoff and transport of fine grained catchment materials, and later in-lake processes. These findings highlight the importance of controlling watershed erosion to contribute to the improvement of the environmental quality of the lake.

Keywords: Chapala Lake; Trace metals; Mineralogy; Lacustrine sediments

Monika Cieszynska-Semenowicz, Justyna Rogowska, Wojciech Ratajczyk, Joanna Ratajczyk, Lidia Wolska,

Toxicity studies of elemental sulfur in marine sediments,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 191-197,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.12.004.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300628)

Abstract: Elemental sulfur (ES) is a component essential for proper development of animals, but it can be toxic for aquatic organisms. The objectives of the study reported here included determination of ES concentrations in sediment collected in the area of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) and search for the possible correlations with the ecotoxicity results. Sediment samples were collected from four locations: the Vistula River mouth, in the Port Basin, in the area of discharge of the treated wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and in the area of the sunken World War II s/s ‘Stuttgart’ shipwreck. The levels of elemental sulfur were determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Toxicity of marine sediment samples was estimated for three biotest organisms – bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, crustacean Heterocypris incongruens, and Synapis alba plant. The highest toxicity of sediments for all indicator organisms was observed in samples taken at the place of the shipwreck (2–100%). The same samples had a high sulfur content (16.7–143.2µg/g dry weight (d.w.)) therefore, it was decided to investigate whether the presence of ES in the sediment in the studied area can have an impact on the results of the ecotoxicity determination in real samples. However, the removal of sulfur from the samples resulted in no significant changes in the level of toxicity of the samples. In this research it could not be confirmed that the presence of elemental sulfur is the only factor responsible for the observed sediment toxicity. It seems that other compounds or their mixtures present in the sediment may have a significant influence on the results obtained.

Keywords: Elemental sulfur (ES); Ecotoxicity; Sediment; Aquatic environment

Luis Aragonés, José Ignacio Pagán, Isabel López, José C. Serra,

Depth of closure: New calculation method based on sediment data,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 198-207,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.12.001.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300471)

Abstract: Obtaining depth of closure (DoC) in an accurate manner is a fundamental issue for coastal engineering, since good results for coastal structures and beach nourishment depend mainly on DoC. Currently, there are two methods for obtaining the DoC, mathematical formulations and profile surveys. However, these methods can incur important errors if one does not take into account the characteristics and morphology of the area, or if one does not have a sufficiently long time series. In this work the DoC is obtained from the break in the trend of the sediment with the depth, that is, in general with the increase of the depth a decrease in the size of the sediment takes place. However, at one point this tendency changes and the size increases, and then decreases again. When comparing the point where the minimum sediment size occurs before the increase, it is observed that the error incurred is small compared to other methods. If the Standard Deviation of Depth Change (SDDC) method is considered as the most accurate method, the error incurred by the proposed method is less than 7%. In addition, it can be seen that the dispersion of the sediment method always occurs outside the zone of bar movement. Whereas in the methods of profiles survey (using 2cm precision profiles), sometimes the DoC is obtained within the active zone of bar movement. In addition, where the relative minimum of the median sediment size is found, and the sizes of 0.063 and 0.125mm predominate in the composition of the sample. Therefore, this new method allows the precise location of the DoC to be obtained in a fast and simple way. Furthermore, this method has the advantage that it is not affected by the modifications that may be experienced by both the study area and the cross-shore beach profile.

Keywords: Depth of Closure; Median sediment size; Profile surveys; Profile change; GIS

Songbai Wu, Minghui Yu, Hongyan Wei, Yanjie Liang, Jing Zeng,

Non-symmetrical levee breaching processes in a channel bend due to overtopping,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 208-215,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.007.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300720)

Abstract: A series of experiments were done to reveal the overtopping breaching process of non-cohesive and cohesive levees in a U-bend flume. The flood hydrograph and breaching geometry were measured and analyzed in detail. The results show that the levee breaching processes can be briefly divided into four stages: slope erosion, longitudinal headward gully-cutting, lateral erosion, and relative stabilization. For non-cohesive levees, non-symmetrical lateral development of the breach occurs throughout the four stages, and the final non-symmetrical coefficient is approximately 2.2–2.6. Larger flow discharge or higher water level can accelerate the breaching process, while coarser sands tend to accelerate the process initially but depress the process at the end. The fluvial erosion rate of a non-cohesive breach shows a power-function relation with the excess wall shear stress. For cohesive levees, a plateau forms in the breach partially blocking the flow in the first two stages. The breach flow is approximately perpendicular to the levee body, and, thus, the erosion rates of the two breach sides are almost the same. Non-symmetrical lateral development mainly occurs in the third stage when the deep gully forms. The final non-symmetrical coefficient is approximately 2.7–3.3. It is expected that these findings can provide a valuable experimental dataset and a theoretical basis for breach closure and flood alleviation.

Keywords: Overtopping; Levee breach; Hydrodynamic model; Flume experiment

Cheng Liu, Desmond E. Walling, Yun He,

Review: The International Sediment Initiative case studies of sediment problems in river basins and their management,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 33, Issue 2,

2018,

Pages 216-219,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.05.005.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791730032X)

Abstract: Management of sediment in river basins and waterways has been an important issue for water managers throughout history. The changing nature of sediment issues has meant that water managers today face many complex technical and environmental challenges in relation to sediment management. UNESCO׳s International Hydrological Programme (IHP) launched the International Sediment Initiative (ISI) in 2002. ISI aims to further advance sustainable sediment management on a global scale. This is achieved through the delivery of a decision support framework for sediment management that provides guidance on legislative and institutional solutions, applicable across a range of socio-economic and physiographic settings in the context of global change. ISI mobilizes international experience on sediment problems and their management through the compilation of a series of case studies representative of a broad range of physiographic and socio-economic conditions, which are made available as guidance for policy makers dealing with water and river basin management. Case studies prepared to date include the basins of the Nile, Mississippi, Rhine, Volga, Yellow, and Haihe and Liaohe rivers. Available in full from the ISI website, these detailed case studies are briefly introduced in this review articles.

Keywords: Sediment; River basin; International Sediment Initiative (ISI); Sediment management

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